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JABALPUR, MP, India
I am a student persuing B.Tech(Biotechnology) degree from S.R.M University(Chennai,India).

Saturday, May 31, 2008

SOME BIOTECHNOLOGY PARKS TO BE SET UP IN INDIA UNDER GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN VARIOUS STATES

**PARKS TO BE SET UP IN TAMIL NADU UNDER GOVERNMENT POLICIES
(i) Biotechnology Incubator Park near Chennai
(ii) Women’s Biotechnology Park, Kelambakkam
(iii) Medicinal Plants Biotechnology Park
(iv) Marine Biotechnology Park
(v) Bioinformatics and Genomics Centre..

**POLICY OF KARNATAKA GOVERNMENT FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY PARKS
Karnataka Cabinet on Sunday approved a proposal for setting up a biotech park on a 106-acre plot at the Electronic City at an approximate cost of Rs 103 crore, in a move to give a fillip to the sector on 4th june (sunday),2006
Project deals on two parts---1) part A 2)part B
Part A deals with construction of infrastructure and part B deals with construction of biotech incubation centre.

A 100-acre biotech park, named Helix, in bangalore (karnataka) was set up in 2005.

**PARKS TO BE SET UP IN GUJARAT UNDER GOVERNMENT POLICIES
The Joint Venture has been mandated by Gujarat Government through a global tender to develop a state of art Bio Technology Park at Savli, Vadodara about 14 kms. From Vadodara Airport and 8 kms. Away from National Highway.
The Bio Technology Park envisages creation of state of art, infrastructure suitable for the Bio Technology Industry covering a wide range of activities as listed in Annexure “A”. Apart from state of art infrastructure as listed in Annexure “B”, we are also building a state of art incubation centre measuring over 86,000 sq. ft. The incubation centre will have all the facilities that will enable technocrats, startup companies and other entrepreneurs to avail these facilities in order to standardize and scale-up processes and thereafter, set up their own enterprise in the park. The incubation center will be ready in the year 2008.
Apart from the incubation centre, the layout of the park will include developed plots of various sizes ranging from 8,000 sq. mtr. To 2,00,000 sq. mtr.

SOME BIOTECHNOLOGY PARKS OF INDIA

**Shapoorji Pallonji Biotech Park
Though Karnataka was the first to announce a Biotech plan for the state, it was Andhra Pradesh, which seized the opportunity. The Andhra Pradesh government was able to put its act together to identify and develop the facilities for biotech entrepreneurs. It entered into a public–private partnership with Shapoorji Pallonji & Co Ltd with 11 percent equity stake and incorporated Shapoorji Pallonji (SP) Biotech Park Pvt Ltd (SP Biotech Park) for developing and managing the Park at Shamirpet, near Hyderabad.
The Park has entered into the second phase of development. The first phase of the park comprised 140 acres of space. About 17 companies have already taken the position and have set up their units at the Park making an investment of about Rs 400 crore. "We are now developing the layout of Phase II of the Park which is 162 acres and the bookings are expected to be over by the end of this year," said S Dhawan, chief executive, Shapoorji Pallonji Biotech Park Pvt Ltd. Considering the demand, Shapoorji Pallonji & Co. has approached the state government for more space for expansion of the park. It is expected to get an additional 100 acres of land for expansion of the biotech park in the third phase. "Another 101 acres is being allotted to start the third phase of the Shapoorji Pallonji Biotech Park and 100 acres for the Rs 125 crore National Animal Resource facility," informed Dr A Ashok, director of biotechnology, Government of Andhra Pradesh.


**ICICI Knowledge Park
The Government of Andhra Pradesh has one more park - ICICI Knowledge Park - to its credit in the knowledge intensive field. Launched by ICICI Bank Ltd in partnership with the state government, the park is focused on facilitating business-driven research and development. The park is spread over 200 acres of campus at Turkapally near Hyderabad

**International Biotech Park
Similarly the Maharashtra government too adopted a public-private partnership model for developing the biotech park in the state. International Biotech Park (IBP) is a joint venture project between the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) and TCG Urban Infrastructure Holding Ltd (TCGUIH), a Chatterjee Group company. With a total investment of Rs 250 crore in the project, MIDC will hold approximately 12 percent of the paid-up capital while TCGUIH will hold the remaining 88 percent. TCGUIH develops, promotes and markets the 110- acre park at Hinjewadi, near Pune

**Lucknow Biotech Park
Though Uttar Pradesh started a little late, it is aggressively developing its biotech park in Lucknow in association with Department of Biotechnology on an eight-acre land


**Ticel Bio Park
Opened in November last year, Ticel Bio Park offers developed space for entrepreneurs to set up research units, and common facilities for testing and analysis. Located near the TIDEL Park at Taramani near Chennai, this park was promoted by the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (Tidco) on a five-acre land, provided by the state government

These biotechnology parks areacting as bioclusters - where companies, universities and R&D institutes are all located in one place. The state governments too are supporting the industry players who are looking atsetting up their units at the parks by offering incubation facilities, taxholidays and incentive package;venture funding initiatives etc.The technical alliance the parks'promoters have entered into, is also attracting entrepreneurs.









LIST OF TOP 25 PHARMACEUTICALS COMPANIES RELATED TO BIOTECH



* JOHNSON AND JOHNSON,USA
*PFIZER,USA
* BAYER,GERMANY
* GLAXOSMITHKLINE, UNITED KINGDOM
*NOVARTIS, SWITZERLAND
*SANOFI-AVANTIS,FRANCE
*HOFMANN-LA ROCHEE, SWITZERLAND
*ASTERAZENECA,UK
*MERCK&Co.,USA
*ABBOT LABORATORIES,USA
*WYETH,USA
*BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB,USA
*ELI LILLY &Co.,USA
*AMGEN,USA
*BOERINGER INGELHEIM,GERMANY
*SCHERING-PLOUGH,USA
*BAXTER INTERNATIONAL,USA
*TAKEDA PHARMACEUTICALS Co.,JAPAN
*GENENTECH,USA
*PROCTER & GAMBLE,USA
*TEVA PHARMA. INDUSTRIES,ISRAEL
*ASTELLAS PHARMA,JAPAN
*DAIICHI SANKYO,JAPAN
*NOVO NORDISK,DENMARK
*EISAI,JAPAN

Tuesday, May 27, 2008


some of the application of biotechnology
Applications Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels), and environmental uses. For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer and milk products). Another example is using naturally present bacteria by the mining industry in bioleaching. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce biological weapons. A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology, for example: Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation. [Photo] [Photo] A rose plant that began as cells grown in a tissue culture Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate. White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare. The investments and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies form what has been described as the bioeconomy. Medicine In medicine, modern biotechnology finds promising applications in such areas as pharmacogenomics;drug production.....

LIST OF SOME OF THE COLLEGES/INSTITUTES PROVIDING BIOTECHNOLOGY RELATED COURSES



Following are the Biotechnology colleges and institutes in Andhra Pradesh List displays all Biotechnology colleges in Andhra Pradesh with the degree offered by them. Eligibility criteria and course duration is also mentioned.
Degree / Course
College / Institute
State
Eligibility
Course Duration
BSc. Biochemistry
Osmania University, Administrative Building, Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh
Class XII
3 years
BSc. Biochemistry
Kakatiya University, Vidyavanyapuri, Warangal- 506009
Andhra Pradesh
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
3 years
BTech. Biotechnology
Osmania University, Administrative Building, Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
4 years
MSc. Biotechnology
Central University, Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh
BSc.
2 years
Mtech. Biotechnology
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Masab Tank, Mahaveer Marg, Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh
BTech.


Biotechnology Colleges of Assam
Following are the Biotechnology colleges and institutes in Assam List displays all Biotechnology colleges in Assam with the degree offered by them. Eligibility criteria and
course duration is also mentioned.
Degree / Course
College / Institute
State
Eligibility
Course Duration
MSc. Biotechnology
Guwahati University, Guwahati -781014
Assam
BSc.
2 years
MSc. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur - 784025
Assam
BSc. (minimum 55%)
2 years
2 years.

Following are the Biotechnology colleges and institutes in Tamil Nadu List displays all Biotechnology colleges in Tamil Nadu with the degree offered by them. Eligibility criteria and course duration is also mentioned.
Degree / Course
College / Institute
State
Eligibility
Course Duration
BSc. Biochemistry
University of Madras, Centenary building, Chepauk, Triplicane, PO Chennai - 600005
Tamil Nadu
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and
Biology
3 years
BSc. Biochemistry
Periyar University, Government College of Engineering Campus, Salem - 636011
Tamil Nadu
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
3 years
BTech. Industrial Biotechnology
Anna University, Centre for Biotechnology, Guindy, Chennai
Tamil Nadu
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
2 years
MSc. Agricultural Biotechnology
Tamil Nadu GD Naidu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu
BSc. Or MSC./MTech.
2 years
MSc. Bioinformatics
Bharthiyar University, Muruthamalai Road, Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu
BSc.
2 years
MSc. Bioinformatics
Bharatisadan University, Palkalaiperur, Tiruchchirappalli - 620024
Tamil Nadu
BSc.
2 years
MSc. Bioinformatics
Periyar University, Government College of Engineering Campus, Salem - 636011
Tamil Nadu
BSc.
2 years
MSc. Bioinformatics
Tamil Nadu GD Naidu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu
BSc.
2 years
MSc. Biotechnology
University of Madras, Centenary Buildings, Chepauk,Triplicane, Chennai - 600005
Tamil Nadu
Bsc. Life Science/Mathematics/Physics/Chemistyr/Agriculture/BE/MBBS/B.Pharma/BDS
2 years
MSc. Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkai Nagar, Madurai
Tamil Nadu
BSc. Chemisty/Botany/Biology/
Agriculture/Vet. Science/Zoology/ Engg./MBBS
2 years
MTech. Industrial Biotechnology
Anna University, Centre for Biotechnology, Guindy, Chennai
Tamil Nadu
BE/BTech.
2 years
PG Diploma in Bioinformatics
Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkai Nagar, Madurai
Tamil Nadu
Bachelor's or Master's degree in any branch of Science or Engineering with 55% minimum marks
2 years
Research
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Chennai
Tamil Nadu
MSc./MTech.
varied
Diploma In Film Editing
Film & Television Institute Of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, (Tamil Nadu)
Tamil Nadu
Passed Senior Secondry
Passed Senior Secondry


Biotechnology Colleges of Delhi
Following are the Biotechnology colleges and institutes in Delhi List displays all Biotechnology colleges in Delhi with the degree offered by them. Eligibility criteria and course duration is also mentioned.
Degree / Course
College / Institute
State
Eligibility
Course Duration
BSc. Biochemistry
University of Delhi, Delhi - 11007
Delhi
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
3 years
BSc. Biochemistry
Shivaji College, University of Delhi, Delhi
Delhi
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
3 years
BSc. Biochemistry
Deshbandu College, University of Delhi, Delhi
Delhi
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
3 years
BSc. Biochemistry
Venkateshwara College, University of Delhi, Delhi
Delhi
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
3 years
BSc. Biochemistry
Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi, Delhi
Delhi
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
3 years
BSc. Biochemistry
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, RBEF, E-27, Defence colony, New Delhi - 110024
Delhi
Class XII (50%) or equivalent with Biology as a subject
3 years
BSc. Biochemistry
Gargi College, University of Delhi
Delhi
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
3 years
BSc. Biochemistry
Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi
Delhi
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
3 years
BSc. Biochemistry
Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi
Delhi
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
3 years
BSc. Biochemistry
Swami shradhanand College, University of Delhi
Delhi
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
3 years
BTech. Biotechnology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Delhi
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Biology
4 years
MSc. Bioinformatics
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, RBEF, E-27, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110024
Delhi
BSc.
1 year 6 months
MSc. Biochemistry
University of Delhi, Delhi 110007
Delhi
BSc.
2 years
MSc. Microbiology
University of Delhi, Delhi 110007
Delhi
BSc.
2 years
MSc. Genetics
University of Delhi, Delhi 110007
Delhi
BSc.
2 years
MSc. Biophysics
University of Delhi, Delhi 110007
Delhi
BSc.
2 years
MSc. Plant Molecular Biology
University of Delhi, Delhi 110007
Delhi
BSc.
2 years
MSc. Biotechnology
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi
Delhi
BSc. in Physics/Biology/Agriculture/Pharmacy/Veterianary Science/BE
2 years
MSc. Agricultural Biotechnology
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi
Delhi
BSc. in Physics/Biology/Agriculture/Pharmacy/Veterianary Science/BE
2 years
MVSc. Animal Biotechnology
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi
Delhi
BSc. in Physics/Biology/Agriculture/Pharmacy/Veterianary Science/BE
2 years
MTech. BioTechnology
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi
Delhi
BSc. in Physics/Biology/Agriculture/Pharmacy/Veterianary Science/BE
2 years
MSc. Biotech Industrial Training
Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi
Delhi
BSc./BTech., MSc./Mtech. in Biotechnology
1 year 6 months
MSc. Biotech Industrial Training
Biotech Consortium India Ltd. G-6, NDSE Part-I,New Delhi
Delhi
BSc./BTech., MSc./Mtech. in Biotechnology
1 year 6 months
Mtech. Biotechnology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Delhi
BSc./BTech.
2 years.
Mtech. (Integrated) Biotechnology
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi
Delhi
Class XII with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics
5 years
Mtech. (Integrated) Biotechnology
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi
Delhi
Class XII with Science
5 years 6 months
PG Diploma in Bioinformatics
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi
Delhi
BSc./BTech.
1 year
Ph.D. Biotechnology
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi
Delhi
Bachelor's in Beterinary and Fisheries Sciences
2 years
Post-Doctoral Research
Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi
Delhi
MSc./MTech./Ph.D.
varied
Research (Ph.D.)
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Delhi
MSc./MTech.
varied



Rank 2006 Company Country Revenue in 2006 (USD millions) R&D in 2006 (USD millions) Net income/ (loss) in 2006 (USD millions) Employees in 20061 Amgen USA 14,268.0 3,366.0 2,950.0 20,1002 Genentech USA 9,284.0 1,773.0 2,113.0 10,5333 Genzyme USA 3,187.0 650.0 -16.8 9,000+4 UCB Belgium 3,169.6 772.6 461.1 8,4775 Gilead Sciences USA 3,026.1 383.9 -1,190.0 7,5756 Serono Switzerland 2,804.9 560.5 735.4 4,7757 Biogen Idec USA 2,683.0 718.4 217.5 3,7508 CSL Australia 2,148.3 119.1 86.8 2,8959 Cephalon USA 1,764.1 403.4 144.8 2,51510 MedImmune USA 1,276.8 448.9 48.7 2,35911 Celgene USA 898.9 258.6 69.0 1,86412 Abraxis BioScience USA 765.5 96.9 -46.9 1,73413 Actelion Switzerland 754.6 169.0 192.4 1,55014 ImClone Systems USA 677.8 112.1 370.7 1,28715 Elan Ireland 560.4 215.9 -267.3 1,25216 Amylin Pharmaceuticals USA 510.9 222.1 -218.9 1,10017 Millennium Pharmaceuticals USA 486.8 318.2 -44.0 1,07318 PDL BioPharma USA 414.8 260.7 -130.0 99319 OSI Pharmaceuticals USA 375.7 176.7 -582.2 96220 MGI Pharma USA 342.8 100.1 -40.2 94721 Pharmion USA 238.6 70.1 -91.0 79322 Nektar Therapeutics USA 217.7 149.4 -154.8 77023 Vertex Pharmaceuticals USA 216.4 371.7 -206.9 76024 Biocon Limited India 200.3 30.5 43.5 183825 Cubist Pharmaceuticals USA 194.7 57.4 -0.4 74626 Enzon Pharmaceuticals USA 185.7 43.5 21.3 72227 QLT Canada 175.1 56.4 -101.6 65328 ViroPharma USA 167.2 19.2 66.7 65129 Alkermes USA 166.6 89.1 3.8 61730 Crucell Netherlands 165.3 84.9 -110.0 61131 United Therapeutics USA 159.6 57.6 74.0 58532 LifeCell USA 141.7 16.5 20.5 57333 Ligand Pharmaceuticals USA 141.0 41.9 -31.7 54034 Myriad Genetics USA 114.3 83.8 -38.2 51135 Exelixis USA 98.7 185.5 -101.5 50036 Cangene Canada 96.8 22.1 11.6 49837 InterMune USA 90.8 103.8 -107.2 49238 Nabi Biopharmaceuticals USA 89.9 37.6 -58.7 48739 BioMarin Pharmaceutical USA 84.2 66.7 -28.5 41740 Lexicon Pharmaceuticals USA 72.8 106.7 -54.3 41041 Progenics Pharmaceuticals USA 69.9 61.7 -21.6 41042 Innogenetics Belgium 67.5 32.1 -31.5 37143 Idenix Pharmaceuticals USA 67.4 96.1 -75.1 35944 MorphoSys Germany 66.6 21.9 7.6 33645 Omrix Biopharmaceuticals USA 63.8 3.4 23.1 33546 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals USA 63.4 137.1 -102.3 32347 Acambis UK 57.0 68.2 -30.4 28548 Tanox USA 56.1 53.4 -2.6 28549 ViaCell USA 54.4 14.0 -21.0 28250 Indevus Pharmaceuticals USA 50.5 43.2 -50.6 27951 Medarex USA 48.6 194.5 -181.7 27752 NPS Pharmaceuticals USA 48.5 68.4 -112.7 27653 Monogram Biosciences USA 48.0 19.0 -38.7 27454 Oscient Pharmaceuticals USA 46.2 12.4 -78.5 26755 Array BioPharma USA 45.0 33.4 -39.6 26356 AEterna Zentaris Canada 41.4 28.7 33.4 26057 IsoTis Switzerland 40.7 7.7 -18.5 25558 Enzo Biochem USA 39.8 7.9 -15.7 25559 CuraGen USA 39.6 58.5 -59.8 25460 Neurocrine Biosciences USA 39.2 97.7 -107.2 25461 MediGene Germany 38.4 26.7 -8.7 24862 Life Therapeutics Australia 37.6 0.1 -31.2 24563 Inspire Pharmaceuticals USA 37.1 42.5 -42.1 23864 CV Therapeutics USA 36.8 135.3 -274.3 23365 Cerus USA 35.6 29.5 -4.8 20866 SciClone Pharmaceuticals USA 32.7 14.1 0.7 19767 ImmunoGen USA 32.1 40.9 -17.8 19768 Protherics UK 30.9 11.8 -16.5 19669 Arena Pharmaceuticals USA 30.6 103.4 -88.3 19570 Vernalis UK 30.1 71.7 -78.2 19271 Bavarian Nordic Denmark 29.5 19.9 -27.1 19172 Xoma USA 29.5 52.1 -51.8 18973 GPC Biotech Germany 28.5 81.3 -80.4 18074 Micromet USA 27.6 28.3 0.0 17175 Targacept USA 27.5 21.8 -1.2 17076 Carrington Laboratories USA 27.4 5.8 -7.6 16677 Acorda Therapeutics USA 27.4 12.1 -60.0 15878 Anika Therapeutics USA 26.8 3.6 4.6 15679 Human Genome Sciences USA 25.8 209.2 -251.2 15180 Dusa Pharmaceuticals USA 25.6 6.2 -31.3 15081 ZymoGenetics USA 25.4 128.5 -130.0 15082 Maxygen USA 25.0 49.1 -16.5 14783 Isis Pharmaceuticals USA 24.5 80.6 -45.9 13384 Genmab Denmark 23.9 90.6 -77.4 12885 Bioniche Life Sciences Canada 23.9 11.6 -1.0 12686 Vitrolife Sweden 23.2 3.3 2.1 12487 Coley Pharmaceutical Group USA 20.2 40.9 -29.4 12288 Palatin Technologies USA 19.7 41.0 -29.0 11689 Encysive Pharmaceuticals USA 19.0 64.4 -109.3 10990 GenVec USA 18.9 29.6 -19.3 9591 Medivir Group Sweden 18.8 39.7 -29.7 8892 Peptech Australia 18.7 4.6 3.8 8593 Ambrilia Biopharma Canada 17.4 8.3 -2.1 8594 Cytogen USA 17.3 7.3 -15.1 8595 Replidyne USA 16.0 38.3 -34.6 7996 Sinovac Biotech China 15.4 0.3 -0.7 6797 Trimeris USA 15.2 18.3
History of biotechnology
18,000 BC
Middle East people domesticate and breed deer, antelope, and sheep
5000 BC
Chinese domesticate and breed pigs
4000 BC
Egyptians master art of wine-making
3000 BC
South America peoples select and breed potatoes as staple crop
2000 BC
Egyptians and Sumerians learn brewing and cheese-making
300 BC
Greeks develop grafting techniques for clonal plant increase
1276
The first whiskey distillery established in Ireland
1500s
Fermentation utilized, leading to the development of sauerkraut and yogurt
1750
Animals used for food and to do work. Plants domesticated, selectively bred for desired characteristicsMicroorganisms used to make cheese, beverages, and bread by fermentation
1797
Living microorganisms used to vaccinate people against diseases
1852
In Paris, an international "Corn Show" features varieties from Syria, Portugal, Hungary, and Algeria
1859
Hypothesis that animal and plant populations adapt over time to best fit the environment - Charles Darwin's book "Origin of the Species" published
1864
Louis Pasteur proved existence of microorganisms. Showed that all living things are produced by other living things
1865
Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, presented his laws of heredity
1869
Johann Meischer isolated DNA from the nuclei of white blood cells
1880
Steam engine to drive combine harvesters
1890
Ammonia synthesis
1892
Self-propelled tractor
1893
Koch, Pasteur - Fermentation process patented Lister Institutes - Diphtheria antitoxin isolated
1902
Walter Sutton coined the term "gene"; proposed that chromosomes carry genes (factors which Mendel said could be passed from generation to generation)
1904
Artificial silks developed
1910
Thomas H. Morgan proved that genes are carried on chromosomes; "biotechnology" term coined
1918
Germans use acetone produced by plants to make bombs; yeast grown in large quantities for animals and glycerol; made activated sludge for sewage treatment process
1920
Boom of rayon industry
1927
Herman Mueller increased mutation rate in fruit flies by exposing them to x-rays
1928
Frederick Griffiths noticed that a rough kind of bacterium changed to a smooth type when unknown "transforming principle" from smooth type was present
1928
Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotic properties of certain molds
1920-1930
Plant hybridization
1938
Proteins and DNA studied by x-ray crystallography Term 'molecular biology" coined
1940
Oswald Avery isolates pure DNA
1943-1953
Linus Pauling described sickle cell anemia, calling it a molecular disease; cortisone made in large amounts; DNA identified as the genetic material
1944
Oswald Avery performed transformation experiment with Griffith's bacterium
1945
Max Delbruck organized course to study a type of bacterial virus that consists of a protein coat containing DNA
Mid-1940's
Penicillin produced; transition from animal power to mechanical power on farms
1950
Erwin Chargaff determined that there is always a ratio of 1:1 adenine to thymine in DNA of many different organisms; artificial insemination of livestock
1953
James Watson and Francis Crick determined the double helix structure of DNA
1956
Dangr sequenced insulin (protein) from pork
1958
Coenberg discovered DNA polymerase
1960
Isolation of m-RNA
1965
Classification of the plasmids
1966
Marshall Nirenberg determined that a sequence of three nucleotide; Severo Ochoa found out that bases determine each of 20 amino acids
1970
Norman Borlaug becomes first plant breeder to win Nobel Prize for his work on Green Revolution wheat varieties
1973
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer discover recombinant DNA technology, considered to be the birth of modern biotechnology
1978
Genetic engineering techniques used to produce human insulin in E. coli; first biotech company on NY stock exchange; first successful transplantation of mammalian gene; discoverers of restriction enzymes receive Nobel Prize in medicine
1979
Genentech, Inc. produce human growth hormone and two kinds of interferon DNA from malignant cells transformed a strain of cultured mouse cells - new tool for analyzing cancer genes
1980
U.S. Supreme Court decided that man-made microbes could be patented
1981
Chinese scientists become first to clone a fish - a golden carp
1981
Canada's first biotechnology company, Allelix, formed
1982
The first genetically engineered product, human insulin, approved for sale in USA
1983
Genetech, Inc. licensed Eli Lily to make insulin; first transfer of foreign gene in plants
1985
Plants can be patented
1986
First field trials of DNA recombinant plants resistant to insects, viruses, bacteria
1988
First living mammal patented
1989
Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coast of Alaska cleaned up with the help of bacteria
1990
The first food products modified by biotechnology, an enzyme for cheese production and a yeast for baking, approved in USA and UK, respectively
1992
FDA decides GM foods will be regulated as conventional foods
1993
The first animal hormone produced with biotechnology, Bovine somatotropin, approved for use in USA
1994
FlavrSavr Tomato becomes the first GM food approved for sale
1995
Three human biopharmaceutical products receive approval for AIDS and cancer; herbicide resistant canola, corn
1996
Commercial production of biotechnology crops begins - corn, potato, and canola
1997
Birth of Dolly the sheep announced as the first successful mammal cloned from an adult cell
2000
Cotton, soybeans, sugar beet as well as insect or virus-resistant corn, cotton, papaya, potato, squash, tomato approved in the USA
2001
" Golden rice," which may help prevent millions of cases of blindness and death caused by Vitamin A and iron deficiencies, undergoes continued testing.
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